Which learning theory focuses on inner mental processes such as thinking and understanding information?

Cognitivism is the learning theory that emphasizes inner mental processes, such as thinking, understanding, memory, and problem-solving. This approach views learners as active participants in their own learning, engaging with and processing information, and making connections based on their prior knowledge and experiences.

Cognitivism contrasts with behaviorism, which focuses on observable behaviors and responses to external stimuli, often neglecting the mental processes that occur behind the scenes. While constructivism also addresses the importance of understanding and meaning through personal experiences and social contexts, it places a greater emphasis on how learners construct knowledge rather than the mental processes themselves. Connectivism focuses on the role of social and technological networks in the learning process, which is less centered on internal cognitive functions. Cognitivism directly addresses mental processes, making it the correct choice for this question.